How to write a literature review of a dissertation

An extended piece of work written on a specific topic at the end of the degree is known as dissertation. The dissertation needs specific chapters. One of these specific chapters is literature review. Survey of scholarly articles, books, dissertations, or research papers which identify the past work is known as literature review. It provides some important context for the dissertation. 

Literature review focuses on a specific topic of your work including the critical analysis of other’s work with comparison to your work. In a dissertation the literature review is written as stand-alone paper. The important thing to note is that literature review is not merely a description of what the others published on this topic, but it encloses all the information about different arguments, theories and approaches. The literature review should provide a clear understanding to the reader that you are well aware of others’ work relevant to your topic of research.To get help to write their papers, the students can take hlep from the best dissertation writing services uk.

Purpose of writing a literature review:

The purpose of writing a dissertation’s literature review is to define the problem on which you are working. The other important purposes are to tell the reader place of your study in historical perspective, promising to evaluate research methods, comparison of your research study with the previous work.

Writing style of literature review:

The literature review should be written in formal academic style. You have to keep the review clear and concise avoiding any jargon.

Structure of the literature review:

Structure of the literature review mainly depends on the type of your research study. The thing to do in the review is to compare and contrast different opinions of different writers on the selected topic. You have to write what one writer has said about this problem, and then provide a general overview of another writer, then another, and so on. You need to present a clear line of argument to make your review good. Therefore, you need to use some comments and critical notes to express other writer’s opinions. In general the structure of review can be as bellow:

Introduction

You have to give short, clear, and concise introduction of the literature review. It will make an outline including main points which are covered into the dissertation research work. It is a brief overview of your research work.Cheap, reliable and custom dissertation writing service uk is available online to ensure the attainment of better grades to the students at the final stage of their academics.

Use quotations

You can use appropriate quotations in the review. This will make easier for the reader to understand your argument. 

Acknowledge all opposing opinions

You have to acknowledge all the opinions which are not agreed with your argument. If you will ignore these opposing viewpoints of others, then your argument will become weaker and unreal.

Summary

You have to provide a brief summary at the end of your each section. In this summary you have to give clear link between your argument and the evidences which are yet undiscovered. The students should follow the basic tips to write a great dissertation.

Provide a reference list

At the end of literature review you have to provide a reference list. Write all the reference points of the quotes and opinions that you have written in the review body. This is necessary to prove the authenticity of your paper.

Basic steps to be followed in writing a great dissertation

Dissertation writing is the most important type of academic writings. It needs more attention and devotion than other academic writings. The students who are recently promoted to the universities from colleges feel it as a burden for them. As it is a very lengthy type of academic work so they become scarred of its length. It is totally individual research work. But the problem is no one can complete it individually because of its length. In such cases, the students tend to get help from some dissertation writing help available online.

It is much difficult for the students to search the best and the most reliable dissertation writing help provider. The reason is that there are thousands of online dissertation writing services and the students are unable to distinguish between the reliable and unreliable ones. Most of the dissertation writing services is running a race of earning heaps of money. So they never pay attention to the quality of the work. Hence students are wasting their time and money by hiring these services.

Dissertation writing help UK is the best dissertation writing help provider in the market which is committed to provide the best help to the students in writing their dissertations as well as offering full written dissertations at very cheap rates with 100% guaranteed quality. The present article provides a glimpse to the students to be able to write a good and perfect dissertation.

Choose an interesting topic:

Selection of the topic is the first thing to do in writing a dissertation. You have to choose an interesting topic which excites you more to write on it. This is because you have to spend a lot of time with it. It should also be informative having a wide vision.

Conduct research on the topic and collect data:

Research is the basic thing in writing a dissertation. You have to conduct research on the selected topic for gathering information and data to write your dissertation.

Introduction:

Introduce your research work and dissertation with its central idea. You have to present thesis statement here. You can also write about the methodology you have to use in your dissertation.

Literature review:

Literature review tells the reader that you have widely read previously published literature on this topic. You also have to tell the scope of your study in this section.

Dissertation body:

This is the major part of your dissertation. Here you have to discuss all the main points, statements, and ideas clearly. You have to tell the reader about the detail of all your research work conducted on this topic. You can use textual examples to convey your message more understandably to the reader.

Conclusion:

This is the section where you have to sum up all your findings and results inferred from your research study. This is your last chance to impress your reader with your intellectual skills.

Dissertation writing services UK recommends that you can also provide new hypothesis to the reader for further studies or research on this topic. You can ask help at any section of your dissertation to the dissertation writing help UK at very cheap and affordable rates with 100% customer’s success and satisfaction.

Poorer students to pursue interests outside school thanks to new scheme

The 'Pupil Offer' scheme has been launched by education minister Huw Lewis

Pupils from poorer backgrounds will get help to follow their interests outside school in a new scheme launched by the Welsh government.

The "Pupil Offer" will allow pupils to work with organizations in the arts, science, sport, culture and heritage. custom essay writing services uk.

Students in the first three years of secondary education will take part when it is launched in September.

Sports Wales, The Arts Council and the ational Museum of Wales will all be involved among others.

The 40 schools in the scheme are already part of the Schools Challenge Cymru initiative, where £20m has been given to under performing schools to help them improve. Get cheap dissertation writing services online now.

In November, education minister Huw Lewis told a conference of university leaders he expected them to get involved with the Pupil Offer by opening their doors and facilities to pupils.

Concerns were raised, however, about how practical that would be as students would need background checks before working with under-18s.

Post Credit: BBC

How to Write a Dissertation Proposal

A dissertation proposal is your doorway to the writing stage of your PhD degree and your career of scholarship and teaching. Keep that in mind when the small document takes much more time than it seems like it should.

Many PhD students find the dissertation proposal to be a demoralizing process as their proposal gets bounced back time and time again. Must check free dissertation topics. Here is how to reduce the number of times it gets bounced back, and to ensure your dissertation proposal sets your dissertation up for success.

Instruction Regarding How to Write a Dissertation Proposal:

Narrow Down Your Topic Area:

Some programs include this as part of the process to earn a degree. If so, you may have done this already at the topic proposal stage. However, if not, it is a helpful step. Zero in on a subcategory of your field, a particular zone of study, or a driving concern for your work.

Make it narrow enough that you can limit your research, well known enough that it is significant to the field and worthy of work. In the humanities, it is often wise to choose one particular figure. For example, linguistics is too broad. Paul Ricoeur's depth semantics is better.

Press Yourself for Conceptual Clarity on Your Dissertation:

The most difficult part of writing a dissertation proposal is clarity in the thesis presented. If you are not yet able to communicate what you want to write about to people who are not in your field without getting glazed eyes, it still needs work.

Have conversations with your advisor, fellow PhD candidates, and friends about it. Try writing out ten different versions of a thesis sentence. Only when this is clear will the rest come together.

Find Your Program's Dissertation Proposal Guidelines:

Most schools have a structured set of guidelines they want you to follow. Often this will structure your proposal for you once you have your thesis clearly stated.

If not, schedule time with your advisor to sketch an outline of what should be included in a proposal to make it pass. Just like any time you have tried to earn a degree, the people with the power determine the form of the assignment.

Put Words on a Page as Soon as Possible:

Do not delay starting your dissertation proposal. Nothing could be deadlier for creativity. There is an amazing magic that occurs when a sentence or two, no matter how wooden, are strung together on a page. You can visit dissertation outline writing services too.

They start to have a life of their own, calling out another question that needs answered, leading to another footnote and a parenthetical remark. Just start writing. You can edit, delete, and refine later.

Focus, Focus, Focus Your Thought:

The constant temptation will be to make the dissertation too sweeping, too large, too all-encompassing, so that it feels 'complete.' Consider your dissertation the start of a life long project. It is the first step in an entire body of possible work.

So, instead, focus your proposal with the greatest discipline on one feature of your key idea so that it will be manageable. Your goal is to earn a degree and get a job, not re-write your field. Save that for book two.

How to Write a Dissertation Proposal - Tips & Warnings:

1. Often in dissertation proposals the idea can be presented clearly and in a focused way in the running text. You can highlight the more subtle points and show your full grasp of the material and issues in the footnotes.
2. The key to avoiding proposal procrastination is to write something every day.
3. Start your dissertation research while you are waiting for response for your advisor. What you research may give you exactly what you need to fix any concerns.
4. See related articles on this page for more information.

Post Credit: Ehow

Two Students Fall 60ft to Their Deaths While Kissing on Balcony

Pair lost their balance after attending party at luxury apartment in south-east London

Two students fell 18 meters (60 feet) to their deaths while “making out” on the balcony of a luxury apartment, an inquest heard on Monday. research paper writing service uk.

Anastasia Tutik, 19, and Miguel Ramos, 18, were kissing when they lost their balance and plummeted from the sixth-floor ledge at the block of flats in Deptford, south-east London.

The pair had met earlier that evening at a friend’s party in the flat, which has views of the Thames and Canary Wharf.

They had been drinking before they went outside together. Tutik was seen sitting on the railing in the moments before they fell.

She came to the UK from Russia in September last year and was studying her A-levels at Bellerbys College.

Ramos, from Monterrey, Mexico, was taking a summer course at the English language school Embassy London and had been in the country for only a few weeks.

His father, Miguel Lozano Munguia, is a former mayor of the town of Pesquería in Mexico and was once head of the centre-left Institutional Revolutionary party (PRI) in the state of Nueva León.

The coroner, Dr Andrew Harris, described their deaths as a tragic accident during the inquest at Southwark coroner’s court.

“There is nothing from any witness statement that indicates they intended to take their lives,” he said. “They were happy students celebrating the end of term and about to go home.”

“They did not know each other well and it does not seem likely that any speculation as to them ending their lives could hold any water at all, and I discount that.”

The coroner added: “They were at a party [and] were engaging in intimacy on a balcony when they accidentally fell to the ground. See custom dissertation writing services uk for assistance.

“Both had been drinking and were intoxicated when they made the decision to sit on the railing.”

Harris said his thoughts were with the families of both teenagers.

Both Tutik and Ramos died from multiple injuries.

Harris recorded a verdict of accidental death in which alcohol was a contributing factor.

Post Credit: The Guardian

How to Collect Data and Material to Write a Perfect Dissertation

Dissertation writing task is assigned to the students at Master's or PhD level to improve their research and writing skills and to judge their abilities to gain a degree with distinction in their specific area of study. So, students are much concerned about the perfect completion and submission of their dissertations.

The basic elements for writing a dissertation include: good writing skills, original and authentic study material, and latest knowledge about the topic.

To write a perfect dissertation, research is a basic element. In this era of information technology, it is not difficult for the students to collect the relevant data and contents from internet. However, a lot of considerations must be kept in mind while collecting data from the internet.

Students often use the following ways and means to collect data and information about the topic given to them to write their dissertation:

Text Books:

The most common and easy method to get knowledge and information is to study text books relevant to your topic. You must have thorough understanding of the text books included in your syllabus. In this way, you can be successfully able to compile your dissertation by appropriately referencing your paper.

Despite the text books included in your syllabus, you must consult different books available online to get an in-depth knowledge and understanding of your topic. If you don't have enough time to read books and make notes, you can get help from uk dissertation writing services.

Getting Help from Libraries:

The most authentic, reliable and common source of information are the libraries. Today, online libraries are there to provide immediate help to the students with just a single click. However, getting information and data from libraries is much tiresome and time consuming activity. You have to spare a lot of time to select the relevant books and then by going through them, you collect the relevant information and make notes of main points about the topic.

You must be very careful while searching information through libraries and must consult only latest and authentic study sources. Also, you must not use any of the material from the books in your dissertation writing process without properly referencing it as it would be considered plagiarism.

Interview and Observation Method:

Another important tool to collect information and data for writing a dissertation is the method of interviews and personal observations. In this method, you discuss your dissertation topic and research questions with the persons who are already working in your field and from their observations and responses, collect information to be used in your research.

If however, you are not familiar with this method of research to write your dissertation, you can contact Dissertation Writing Services UK and get the best and perfect dissertation writing help to ensure your success.

Using Internet:

Internet is the most common method to get abundant material about a single term or keyword which you use to search for your chosen topic. But you must be very careful and choosy in selecting the websites to collect data as most of them are not authentic and can mislead you in a wrong direction.

However, it is a great fact that internet has provided a lot of convenience and facility to the students who don't have time to attend regular classes or searching libraries.

By using all the above mentioned sources, you may be able to collect a lot of relevant information about your topic and can easily compile your dissertation.

However, even after using all these sources, if you find yourself incompetent to write a perfect dissertation, you must contact our best and top rated dissertation writing services UK to get the most reliable and authentic guidance from our highly qualified and professional writers to secure your future by getting better grades in your dissertations.

The NZ Initiative's Eric Crampton argues some NZ regulations could piggyback on other countries rather than reinvent their own expensive wheels

When I took the job at the University of Canterbury back in 2003, my dissertation advisor told me that New Zealand would teach me the importance of fixed costs. See dissertation writing services UK. He wasn’t wrong.

Economists typically split costs into two parts: fixed and variable. For a firm, in the short run, rent on the factory is a fixed cost while the number of shifts is a variable cost: if you’re going to be in business at all, you have to pay the rent, but you can scale production up or down by varying the number of shifts.

While day-to-day operations focus on the variable costs, in the longer run, many fixed costs can become variable, as you can decide to move to a larger or smaller facility. And when you’re just starting up, you have to decide which fixed costs to incur. If you’re starting small, there’s generally little sense in buying a huge factory and hiring a large IT team on long-term contracts rather than renting a smaller facility and contracting in IT support from an IT provider.

So for a small firm, so too for a small country. Get dissertation writing service UK. New Zealand suffers from rather too generous a helping of fixed costs – some of which are really our own fault.

American retail, in the 1990s, enjoyed a massive increase in productivity, largely on the back of Sam Walton’s discovery of an incredibly efficient retail distribution and supply-chain management technology. Wal-Mart has made America an incredibly more productive place, but it’s only been able to do it because America is a very large place. The substantial fixed costs involved in Wal-Mart’s distribution system and supply-chain management techniques work when the costs can be spread across a huge number of potential customers. They likely wouldn’t have paid off in a market of only four million customers.

New Zealand’s relatively small size means that fixed costs cannot easily be spread across a large customer base. Unless your firm has export ambitions, it’s harder to justify large up-front fixed cost investments.

New Zealand’s small size then results in a higher overall cost structure. Retail costs here are often much higher than prices elsewhere, and often by multiples of the difference in cost that you might expect elsewhere: when I parallel import a book from Book Depository, I enjoy lower prices because customers around the world each share a tiny fraction of Book Depository’s fixed costs in IT and warehouse systems.

The American version of Netflix fronted the fixed costs of negotiating rights to a huge catalogue of movies because they’ve a potential customer base of hundreds of millions; the New Zealand version, soon to launch, is almost guaranteed to be worse because the fixed costs of negotiating film rights for a country of four million will greatly restrict the range.

Some aspects of government policy rightly work to mitigate New Zealand’s high fixed costs. Our parallel importation regime provides some competition in industries where a small domestic market might otherwise limit options and increase costs. But in other areas, the government has seemed determine to impose pretty substantial fixed costs for no good reason.

Case in point? New Zealand’s film rating’s regime. If you want to legally distribute a film or TV show in New Zealand, other than by broadcast, you have to get the programme rated by the New Zealand Office of Film and Literature Classification. The Censor’s Office decides whether the film gets an unrestricted classification, or the age below which it is illegal to supply a programme. An RP13 film is legal to watch with your 12-year-old, so long as the child is under adult supervision. An R13 film is illegal to watch with your 12-year-old, but legal to watch with your 13-year-old. But if the same film airs on broadcast television, instead of being bought on DVD or streamed from abroad, it’s not illegal to watch with your 12-year-old as a different legislative regime applies.

Why does a country of four and a half million people have an office for film classification?

We could argue about the ridiculousness of the implementation of the New Zealand regime, or we could ask the more important question: why does this office exist at all? Why does a country of four and a half million people have an office for film classification when so many neighbouring countries, similar to New Zealand in culture and norms, already have their own systems? Every rating decision involves cost to the would-be distributor: the classification fee charged by the Censor’s Office, plus the hidden cost of the time, effort, and hassle involved.

In a better world, the government could simply require that programmes distributed in New Zealand carry the classification of any other trusted country’s ratings board: Australia, Canada, America, the UK, or others. It’s pretty rare that a locally produced film wouldn’t be intended for eventual international release; if the filmmaker weren’t already seeking an international classification, self-rating by the local producers could also work well.

Worse, when a body like the Censor’s Office exists, local industry can use it to try to block competitors’ imports.

Slingshot and other ISPs’ global-modes, allowing Kiwi customers to sign up for Netflix as though they were American, is just parallel importation applied to digital content. Local rights-holders supported the Censor’s Office attempts at blocking those services, with pious appeals to protecting the children from unrated content. We should properly see the Censor’s Office as a non-tariff barrier to trade in film and literature, which locals can exploit anti-competitively.

New Zealand has rather a few of these local fixed-cost-raising regulations. If you’re a doctor with a stellar reputation in Canada, you still need to go through New Zealand registration; that requires placement in a New Zealand hospital, and placements are limited. Would you, as a tourist in Canada, be at all worried about being treated by a Canadian doctor in a Canadian hospital? No. But that same doctor cannot move to New Zealand and set up a General Practice without jumping through the hoops.

Perhaps there could be reason for a short course training foreign physicians to recognise diseases prevalent here that aren’t as common elsewhere, but beyond that, the government’s increased the cost of medical services in New Zealand by imposing an unnecessary fixed cost on the system. Similarly, I simply cannot understand why building materials that have been deemed suitable for other wet and shaky environments, like Japan, British Columbia, or the American Pacific Northwest, aren’t simply deemed to be good enough for the New Zealand market as well.

Firms well recognise that building a factory scaled to produce a million units a year is a pretty dumb idea if the potential market is only five thousand. Too much of New Zealand’s regulatory apparatus would suit a country of forty million rather than the one we have. We should try to rely on the certification efforts of others who’ve already incurred the high fixed costs rather than reinvent expensive wheels here.

*Eric Crampton is Head of Research at the New Zealand Initiative. The NZ Initiative writes a weekly column for interest.co.nz.

Post Credit: Interest

Bend issues no snow removal citations

Emphasis will be on education for now

As Bend residents who failed to clean their sidewalks of snow and ice enjoy the melting brought on by the relative warmth of recent days, not a single scofflaw will have to worry about being fined. coursework writing services uk.

City code requires residents and business owners to clear their sidewalks no later than six hours after snowfall ceases.

Following this month’s snow and ice storm, no one was fined for failing to follow the rules, though the city acknowledges plenty of people failed to follow the rules. cheap dissertation writing services. The same was true during last winter’s massive storm at the beginning of February.

“It’s been really terrible out there, it truly has,” said Julie Craig, a code enforcement technician. “I believe most people just don’t understand that they need to take care of it.”

Craig said the city didn’t have the resources to enforce the regulation before last winter, and since then it has focused on education.

“It’s pretty standard for us with a new program to start educating the public before issuing citations,” Craig said.

“This storm came out quicker than we were ready for, and I’ve literally been mailing out 1,200 letters to start that public education,” she said.

Craig said it’s possible residents could be cited later this winter, but she isn’t sure what it would take for someone to be fined.

“We’re re-evaluating and thinking of what the best practice will be,” Craig said. “Some jurisdictions around the country will go out and remove the snow themselves and then bill someone for the work. I would like to explore those options, but this is new and we’re focused on getting compliance first.”

Carl Backstrom, who uses a wheelchair, said he had to cancel a downtown shopping trip because of the conditions on sidewalks and accessible parking spaces. A few days later, he went back downtown to help shovel.

“I was thinking about somebody in their 70s who uses a cane,” he said. “There’d be major safety issues for someone in that situation, or for someone who uses a power chair.”

Backstrom said he’s been considering hosting a tennis camp for people in wheelchairs during the winter, but is now having second thoughts, given the conditions he’s encountered.

“If I asked people if they’d want to come given that this is what the city looks like in the winter, I don’t think it would work out,” he said.

Post Credit: The Bulletin

Thousands of Students Affected By Seattle Data Breach

SEATTLE -- Seattle Public Schools released a statement apologizing to students and their families after it says its law firm released their sensitive and personal records. buy cheap dissertation writing service.

The law firm apparently sent thousands and thousands of pages of documents to a man named Sam Morley, who is involved in a dispute with the district.

The district is apologizing to almost 8,000 students and their families after its law firm released their sensitive records. Dan Cassuto reports. KING

Morley is the legal guardian of his younger sister, a 17-year-old student at Roosevelt High School.

"I'm just trying to get services, that's it," he said. "I was trying to get some information about my sibling's education."

Morley says he requested records about his sister's special education plan when the school district's law firm responded with thousands of unrelated records.

Morley showed us some of the documents at his office in Tacoma.

They include a database of 7,403 names, presumably every special education student in Seattle.

Documents also seem to reveal specific disciplinary actions, disabilities, home addresses, schedules, bus routes, race, age, birth dates, and more.

Morley claims he contacted Seattle Public Schools the day after receiving the documents. He says the district's law firm asked him to destroy the records.

The following is an email from Seattle Public Schools along with its letter to parents:

Below is some background and updated information regarding the student information that was inadvertently released. There is also a copy of the letter we are using to respond to parents who have reached out to the district, inquiring whether their families were affected. UK Dissertation Services. We will not be doing interviews at this time, but will update you as soon as we have any additional information.

• The district responded quickly to notify parents of the improper release of student information by an outside, contracted law firm.
• We have no reason to believe the student information has been released to any others beyond the family member who initiated the student information request.
• The district is working to assure the information is returned or destroyed. We will we follow up with family members of the effected students.
• Seattle Public Schools is committed to communicating directly with those students and families directly impacted by this error.
• We are also planning a follow-up communication to inform all district families of the resolution of this student information issue.
• We deeply apologize for any inconvenience this incident may have caused for our students and families. While an outside law firm released the information, we recognize that the district is ultimately responsible to safeguard student information.

Seattle Public Schools letter to parents:

November 14, 2014

Thank you for your email regarding the unauthorized release of student information by an outside law firm contracted by the district. We fully appreciate and acknowledge the concern this has created for you and your family.

We realize our initial communications with families may not contain sufficient information to help alleviate your concerns and that is because we are currently in the process of confirming which students and families are impacted, what type of information was shared, and working to retrieve and destroy these information files. However, we did feel it was important to inform parents of the situation as soon as possible and for them to hear directly from us regarding this important matter.

We do want to confirm a few important facts for you:

1. The student information that was shared by the law firm was given to a family member who is representing the student. At this time, we believe no other individuals have access to this information. We immediately requested that files be returned or destroyed.
2. A large majority of the student information released involves special education student files.
3. We have removed the responsible law firm from this case and have been in contact with the appropriate state and federal agencies to confirm the appropriate course of action.

Families should know that the district takes this incident very seriously and are working quickly to confirm more details in order to communicate directly with our parents and families. Families of impacted students will receive a subsequent communication, and all families will get an update on the districts response to this issue.

We appreciate your support and patience as we carefully investigate and respond to the critically important need to protect student information.

Sincerely,

Dr. Larry Nyland
Superintendent

Post Credit: King5

Bridging Health Care’s Innovation-Education Gap

Despite the excellence of its delivery, insurance, and technology components, the health care sector in the United States is plagued with sky-high costs, unequal access, and erratic quality. cheap dissertation writing service. This predicament continues to create a major drag on the U.S. economy.

According to an analysis by McKinsey, while the productivity of the U.S. computer and semiconductor industry grew by 7.6% per year in the 1990-2007 period, the productivity of the U.S. health care industry dropped by 0.8% annually.  To change this grim statistic, the pace of innovation must dramatically increase. But to achieve that, we must alter how we educate future health care leaders. Despite the health care sector’s massive share of America’s GDP, most graduate health care administration and MD/MBA programs have not aligned their curricula to address the need for innovation.

In our interviews with 58 CEOs in the health care sector about their organizations’ future needs, the words they most used were change and innovation. (The 58 included leaders of delivery, insurance, med tech, biopharma, and IT organizations and ministers of health.) They wanted people who can investigate problems, find solutions through process and organizational innovation, and drive them forward — people who can work on a diverse team, understand failure and its causes, and manage change.

But our analysis of health-care-related curricula at 26 top U.S. schools that offer graduate degrees in health care administration found the most frequently used words were policy and organization. Innovation and entrepreneur were used only 27 times.

At far too many programs, curricula focus on isolated subjects — such as health policy, analytics, quantitative problem solving — that are taught primarily through lectures in theoretical settings. Despite the excellence of the individual faculties, programs, and schools, this siloed, abstract approach does not meet the needs of future innovators. dissertation writing service UK. Many CEOs have been so dissatisfied with traditional education for health care administrators that they have had their organizations develop training programs of their own.

Our surveys indicated that many academics in the field of health care administration agree that schools are not educating students to be able to create badly needed new processes, systems, and organizational forms and to solve problems and implement solutions across a range of business processes.

Separate analyses of medical school curricula reached similar conclusions: A Lancet article, for example, called for global change to promote transformative professional education that harnesses flows of educational content and innovation.

The CEOs we interviewed do not believe that academia alone should shoulder the burden of fixing this problem. We agree. Business leaders can and should partner with educators to accelerate this improvement in pedagogical techniques by pursuing these transformative activities:

Team teaching. The CEOs want to provide input on program design and teaching, and many would be willing to guest-lecture or co-teach. If a faculty member lacks the relevant real-world experience, the remedy is to have him or her team up with an entrepreneur, a strategist, or an innovator to teach and help solve local and global practical problems. In an MBA course Innovating in Health Care that one of us (Regina) teaches at Harvard Business School (HBS), for example, two health-care-reimbursement specialists participate in a session to assist students in developing business plans. As a result of one plan (developed by a team of Harvard MBA and School of Public Health students), a large U.S. health insurance company will reimburse on-demand jet service for kidney transplantation.

Mentoring. Harvard Business School’s Entrepreneur in Residence program is an example of an organized campus activity that brings health care innovators in contact with students. Entrepreneurs-in-residence serve for the entire academic year in a part-time capacity, meeting with students in group and one-on-one sessions and collaborating with various faculty members on cases, courses, research, and other activities.

Case studies. Case studies of successes and failures (especially failures) are essential. Business leaders could partner with academics to develop them and appear in classes when they are taught. (The CEOs of a number of health care companies from around the world lectured in the HBS course Innovating in Health Care when cases on their organizations were taught. They included Amil, Fortis Healthcare, McKesson, PAREXEL International, and the Vitality Group.)

Field projects and apprenticeships. The CEOs feel that field work and formal internships can offer lessons the classroom cannot. Formal residencies, apprenticeships, or field-study courses that place the student in a health care environment will help inform future innovators about the real-world challenges facing health care systems in the 21st century and the difficulties likely to be encountered in implementing solutions. Five new health care businesses resulted from the field studies in the 2013 Innovating in Health Care course, including an ambulatory pediatric surgery center for Medicaid recipients and a hospital in Nigeria.

Rewards and incentives. While traditional classroom, online, and blended courses may remain mainstays of health care education, the future challenge will be to integrate the classroom into the real world. To achieve this, current faculty incentives, which are often focused primarily on research and publications, should be strengthened to recognize excellence in teaching and reforming the curriculum.

Accreditation and standards. Accreditation programs for U.S. medical and health administration schools lack specific requirements for core competencies related to innovation. Similarly, courses for the maintenance of a medical license have no specific emphasis on innovation. Ranking of educational programs by third parties and other formal and informal governance processes also do not stress innovation. To address these deficiencies, the business community should collaborate with accreditation, licensure, and ranking programs to create innovation standards. In addition, it should consider working with schools’ admissions programs to offer student loans and other incentives for students who demonstrate interest and competence in becoming innovators.

These activities require greater commitment by business — a shift from trying to alleviate the symptoms of an anachronistic educational system toward a partnership that can help improve global health care systems in a lasting and meaningful way. To encourage this partnership, a group representing global academic institutions, professional organizations, and health care consultancies formed the Global Educators Network for Health Care Innovation Education (GENIE) Group.

The goal of the organization, which includes us, is to make innovation a central part of the education of future leaders in health care. To advance it, we have already held two annual conferences with 150 global academic and stakeholder attendees at Harvard Business School and Duke University, launched the Harvard edX program Innovating in Health Care and the HBS Executive Education course Business Innovations in Global Health Care, created an archive of innovative programs, and surveyed a wide range of constituents to help develop the competencies they deemed necessary in an innovation curriculum.

With activities like these, we aim to encourage business leaders and academics to create health care administration education more focused on innovation.

Health-care-administration education is at a crossroads similar to one that business schools were at in the late 1970s, when courses that emphasized entrepreneurship were almost non-existent. To change this, business schools developed a network of entrepreneurs who partnered with faculty to guest lecture, develop case studies, and provide intellectual, financial, and moral support. (See Shaping the Waves: A History of Entrepreneurship at Harvard Business School.) Entrepreneurship is now a vital component of almost all business administration programs and has played an important role in the U.S. economy.

That success demonstrates that academics and business leaders can join forces once again to transform the way that future health care leaders are educated. By working together to integrate the classroom into the real world, they can help schools produce the innovators that health care organizations deeply need.

Related Videos and Other Resources: For more information on this topic, watch Professor Herzlinger explain the need for innovation and how to make it happen in health-care-administration education; hear from some of the leading global health care CEOs and academics who  support innovation in health care; and see some of the innovative ventures in health care started by students. The CEO champions of this movement can be found here. The academic supporters of this movement are listed on the GENiE website. Finally, this video is the introduction to the MOOC version of Innovating in Health Care.

Post Credit: HBR

MBA Students Make Steps into The Fashion Industry

As the catwalks in Milan, London, Paris and New York are put away until next season, London-based designers are discovering another audience with an interest in fashion – MBA students.Find out Dissertation Writing Services for fashion students.

Convinced that MBA students can help fashion designers to build sustainable businesses, the British Fashion Council has formed a partnership with London Business School.

Caroline Rush, chief executive of the BFC, anticipates this partnership will nurture life-long relationships. “We hope to attract MBA students who want to invest [their time] in young designers, not just the luxury groups,” she says.

The BFC focus on the business side of fashion stems from the increasing number of start-ups it sees struggling to write a business plan and secure investment. “A lot of designers start from the creative point of view rather than the business basics . . . If they would just take a step back and think of the business aspect, they would mitigate risks,” says Ms Rush (above). The BFC has been trying to teach them these skills but has limited resources to do it alone.

Alejandra Caro and Alessandra Basso were the first two LBS students to help. In 2013, while studying on their MBA programme, they co-authored a report that investigated if there is a formula for commercialising creativity in the fashion industry. “The UK fashion industry employs more than 800,000 people and generates £26bn annually so it can be a strong contributor to the economy,” says Ms Basso. However, if this is to happen, emerging designers need an entrepreneurial mindset, they agree.

“They need to understand what business they want to be and ask the right questions,” says Ms Caro. “Designers need to ask themselves, ‘Do I have the skills and knowledge in place to pull together a business plan and make it happen? Do I have a unique selling proposition? Do I have the hunger and determination to turn this USP into a successful business?’” she adds.

Ms Basso and Ms Caro published their report in May with key steps for designers to follow. These include understanding the importance of funding, recognising the importance of product development and having a business strategy. The pair hope to build on their report by promoting the variety of roles open to MBA students in the fashion industry.

In continental Europe, an entrepreneurial mindset is common among fashion designers, something that business schools have long capitalised on.

“We’ve been working in this industry since the 90s and we’ve always had designers in our classes wanting to become more managerial and develop those skills,” says Stefania Saviolo, head of the Luxury & Fashion Knowledge Center at SDA Bocconi. “We’re different to the UK in that Italian designers are really close to the product and business process.”

The school in Milan is focusing its research on premium fashion brands which are typically European (Italian and French) and combine fashionability with affordable prices, rather than brands such as Armani, D & G and Prada – that the country is known for. “It’s very important to educate Italians to be humble and grow new companies, not just aim to become the chief executive of a luxury group,” says Ms Saviolo.

In France, HEC Paris has been running a course sponsored by Kering, the luxury accessories and clothing group, since 2011. The course involves MBA students going to design school, while designers attend business school. HEC Paris also runs an advanced management programme on fashion and luxury in collaboration with Tsinghua University in Beijing.

Across the Atlantic, Columbia Business School has united the worlds of business and fashion through a master class run with the Luxury Education Foundation (LEF) and design school, Parsons. “We try to make them [students and designers] work together to solve real projects in companies . . . [and] make sure they understand how the other thinks,” says Ketty Maisonrouge, an adjunct professor of marketing at Columbia and president of the LEF. “One year, Hermés challenged participants to refresh timeless classics . . . This year, Van Cleef & Arpels want to see how their Perlée collection can be used to draw in millennials.”

The programme has proved so popular that Columbia has added another class. “They are smart kids. They see in the headlines that the retail industry has done well despite the financial crisis so they realise there are opportunities available,” says Prof Maisonrouge.

At NYU Stern, MBA students work with growing businesses within New York City’s fashion industry through a masters workshop with the Council of Fashion Designers of America. Paired with designers, they advise on finance, product market strategies and business plans.

MBA student Laura Musano recently completed the workshop, working on a project for handbag collection Kara. “I really liked that it opened up two-way learning,” she says. “Not only could we use our skills but it felt like we were really helping the business grow.”

Post Credit:  FT